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Rubus vermontanus — Vermont blackberry

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Facts

Look for stalked glands on the main stem of the inflorescence produced by Vermont blackberry. This northern species is found mainly in states along the Canadian border. The berries provide food for birds and mammals.

Habitat

Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), forest edges, grassland, meadows and fields

New England distribution

Adapted from BONAP data

Found this plant? Take a photo and post a sighting.

North America distribution

Adapted from BONAP data

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Characteristics

Habitat
terrestrial
New England state
  • Connecticut
  • Maine
  • Massachusetts
  • New Hampshire
  • Rhode Island
  • Vermont
Growth form
the plant is a shrub (i.e., a woody plant with several stems growing from the base)
Leaf type
the leaf blade is compound (i.e., made up of two or more discrete leaflets
Leaves per node
there is one leaf per node along the stem
Leaf blade edges
the edge of the leaf blade has teeth
Leaf duration
the leaves drop off in winter (or they wither but persist on the plant)
armature on plant
the plant has spines, prickles, or thorns
Leaf blade length
90–180 mm
Leaf blade width
90–180 mm
Leaf stalk
the leaves have leaf stalks
Fruit type (general)
the fruit is fleshy
Bark texture
the bark of an adult plant is thin and smooth
Twig winter color
brown
Bud scale number
there are three or more scales on the winter bud, and they overlap like shingles, with one edge covered and the other edge exposed
Show all characteristics

  • Buds or leaf scars

    Bud scale number
    there are three or more scales on the winter bud, and they overlap like shingles, with one edge covered and the other edge exposed
    Bud scar shape (Fraxinus)
    NA
    Collateral buds
    there are no collateral buds on the sides of the branches
    Leaf scar arrangement
    there is one leaf scar per node on the stem or twig
    Superposed buds
    there are no superposed buds on the branch
    Winter bud stalks
    the winter buds have no stalks

  • Flowers

    Carpels fused
    • the carpel is solitary or (if 2 or more) the carpels are not fused to one another
    • the carpels are fused to one another
    Enlarged sterile flowers
    there are no enlarged sterile flowers on the plant
    Flower petal color
    white
    Flower symmetry
    there are two or more ways to evenly divide the flower (the flower is radially symmetrical)
    Hairs on ovary (Amelanchier)
    NA
    Hypanthium present
    the flower has a hypanthium
    Inflorescence hairs
    • there are hairs on some part of the inflorescence
    • there are no hairs on the inflorescence
    Inflorescence type
    • the inflorescence is a corymb (with long lower branches and shorter upper branches, giving it a more or less flat-topped look)
    • the inflorescence is a raceme (a long unbranched stem with stalked flowers growing along it)
    Number of pistils
    6 or more
    Ovary position
    the ovary is above the point of petal and/or sepal attachment
    Petal and sepal arrangement
    the flower includes two cycles of petal- or sepal-like structures
    Petal appearance
    the petals are thin and delicate, and pigmented (colored other than green or brown)
    Petal fusion
    the perianth parts are separate
    Sepal appearance
    the sepals resemble leaves in color and texture
    Sepal cilia (Ilex)
    NA
    Sepal tip glands
    there are no glands at the tips of the sepal lobes
    Sepals fused only to sepals
    the sepals are separate from one another
    Stamen number
    13 or more
    Stamens fused
    the stamens are not fused to one another

  • Fruits or seeds

    Berry color
    • NA
    • black
    Fruit tissue origin
    there are no flower parts that form part of the fruit
    Fruit type (general)
    the fruit is fleshy
    Fruit type (specific)
    • the fruit is a berry (fleshy, with the wall enclosing one or more sections, with two or more seeds)
    • the fruit is a drupe (fleshy, with a firm inner ovary wall that encloses a single seed)
    • the fruit is an aggregate (composed of multiple fused ovaries from one flower)
    Nut with spines (Fagaceae)
    NA
    Wings on fruit
    there are no wings on the fruit

  • Glands or sap

    Sap color
    the sap is clear and watery
    Stalked glands on fruit (Rosa)
    NA

  • Growth form

    Growth form
    the plant is a shrub (i.e., a woody plant with several stems growing from the base)

  • Leaves

    Hairs on underside of leaf blade
    • the underside of the leaf has hairs on it
    • the underside of the leaf has no hairs
    Hairs on upper side of leaf blade
    the upper side of the leaf is not hairy, or has very few hairs
    Leaf blade base shape
    • the base of the leaf blade is cuneate (wedge-shaped, tapers to the base with relatively straight, converging edges), or narrow
    • the base of the leaf blade is rounded
    Leaf blade base symmetry
    the leaf blade base is symmetrical
    Leaf blade bloom
    the underside of the leaf has no noticeable bloom
    Leaf blade edges
    the edge of the leaf blade has teeth
    Leaf blade edges (Acer)
    NA
    Leaf blade flatness
    the leaf is flat (planar) at the edges
    Leaf blade hairs
    NA
    Leaf blade length
    90–180 mm
    Leaf blade scales
    there are no scales on the leaf blades
    Leaf blade shape
    • the leaf blade is lanceolate (lance-shaped; widest below the middle and tapering at both ends)
    • the leaf blade is oblong (rectangular but with rounded ends)
    • the leaf blade is ovate (widest below the middle and broadly tapering at both ends)
    Leaf blade texture
    • the leaf blade is chartaceous (thin and dry like paper)
    • the leaf blade is herbaceous (has a leafy texture)
    Leaf blade translucent dots
    there are no translucent dots on the leaf blade
    Leaf blade vein pattern
    the main veins of the leaf blade are pinnate (the secondary veins branch off at intervals from the main central vein) and non-arcuate (not arched towards the leaf tip)
    Leaf blade veins
    the leaf blade has one main vein running from the base toward the tip
    Leaf blade width
    90–180 mm
    Leaf duration
    the leaves drop off in winter (or they wither but persist on the plant)
    Leaf form
    the plant is broad-leaved (with broadly flattened leaf blades)
    Leaf lobe tips (Quercus)
    NA
    Leaf midrib glands
    the midrib of the leaf blade lacks glands on the upper surface
    Leaf stalk
    the leaves have leaf stalks
    Leaf stalk attachment to leaf
    the petiole attaches at the basal margin of the leaf blade
    Leaf stalk nectaries
    there are no nectaries on the leaf stalk
    Leaf stalk shape
    the leaf stalk is not flattened
    Leaf teeth hairs (Carya)
    NA
    Leaf type
    the leaf blade is compound (i.e., made up of two or more discrete leaflets
    Leaves per node
    there is one leaf per node along the stem
    Specific leaf type
    • the leaf is compound, with three leaflets
    • the leaf is palmately compound with more than three leaflets
    Stipules
    the plant has stipules

  • Place

    Habitat
    terrestrial
    New England state
    • Connecticut
    • Maine
    • Massachusetts
    • New Hampshire
    • Rhode Island
    • Vermont
    Specific habitat
    • edges of forests
    • grasslands
    • man-made or disturbed habitats
    • meadows or fields

  • Scent

    Plant odor
    the plant does not have much of an odor, or it has an unpleasant or repellant odor

  • Stem, shoot, branch

    Aerial roots
    the plant has no aerial roots
    Bark texture
    the bark of an adult plant is thin and smooth
    Branch brittleness (willows only)
    NA
    Branch cross-section
    the branch is circular in cross-section, or it has five or more sides, so that there are no sharp angles
    First-year cane (Rubus)
    • the first year cane stems are doming (arched over to touch the ground at their tips) to trailing (lying along the ground or neighboring vegetation)
    • the first year cane stems are upright or arching
    Lenticels on twigs
    there are no lenticels on the twigs, or they are very hard to see
    Pith shape
    the outline of the pith in a twig is roughly round
    Short shoots
    there are no peg- or knob-like shoots present
    Twig bloom
    there is no bloom on the twig
    Twig papillae (Vaccinium species only)
    NA
    Twig scales
    there are no scales on the twig surface
    Twig winter color
    brown
    Wings on branch
    the branch does not have wings on it
    armature on plant
    the plant has spines, prickles, or thorns

Wetland status

Not classified

In New England

Distribution

Connecticut
present
Maine
present
Massachusetts
present
New Hampshire
present
Rhode Island
present
Vermont
present

Conservation status

Exact status definitions can vary from state to state. For details, please check with your state.

Massachusetts
fairly widespread (S-rank: S4)

From Flora Novae Angliae dichotomous key

28.  Rubus vermontanus Blanch. N

Vermont blackberry. Rubus deaneanus Bailey; R. junceus Bailey; R. singulus Bailey; R. tardatus Blanch.; R. vermontanus Blanch. var. viridiflorus Blanch. • CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT. Fields, roadsides, forest borders, balds, open rights-of-way.

1×28. Rubus allegheniensis × Rubus vermontanus → This rare blackberry hybrid is known from ME, NH, VT. It is marked by arching 
habit, stems 3–5 mm in diameter armed with slender prickles that are shorter and thinner than is typical for Rubus allegheniensis and often stipitate-glands as well. 
The leaves are pubescent abaxially and the inflorescence is shorter than normal 
for R. allegheniensis with stipitate-glands along the axis. The fruits are also smaller 
than typical for R. allegheniensis. Tentative synonym: Rubus ravus Bailey.

10×28. Rubus elegantulus × Rubus vermontanus → This very rare blackberry hybrid is known from ME, NH. It is very difficult to detect due to the close morphological similarity of the two parental taxa and is likely more common than is currently vouchered. Knowledge of the two species occurring at the same site is important information for detecting most of the occurrences. Tentative synonym: Rhus multilicius Bailey.

14×28. Rubus hispidus × Rubus vermontanus → This uncommon blackberry hybrid is known from MA, ME, NH, VT. It closely resembles Rubus hispidus ×R. setosus but has some prickles that are slightly more stout and curved (in addition to the numerous bristles and stipitate-glands). Tentative synonym: Rubus viridifrons Bailey.

22×28. Rubus pensilvanicus × Rubus vermontanus → This rare blackberry hybrid is known from ME. It is marked by erect to arching primocanes with numerous small-based prickles (ca. 200 per 10 dm), and lacking stipitate-glands with relatively glabrous abaxial leaf blade surface, and with short racemes (2.5–5 cm long) that lack stipitate-glands. Tentative synonyms: Rubus miscix Bailey; R. peculiaris Blanch.

25×28. Rubus recurvicaulis × Rubus vermontanus → This rare blackberry hybrid is known from MA, ME, NH. It is marked by primocanes with arching or doming habit, glabrous and chartaceous leaflets, stems armed with numerous sharp, slender, straight or hooked prickles. Tentative synonym: Rubus severus Brainerd ex Fern.

26×28. Rubus semisetosus × Rubus vermontanus → This rare blackberry hybrid is known from ct, mA. It is similar to Rubus semisetosus, but the pubescence is much less dense and mainly present on the principal veins.

27×28. Rubus setosus × Rubus vermontanus → This uncommon blackberry hybrid is known from CT, MA, ME, NH, VT. It is similar to both Rubus setosus and R. vermontanus. The stems are armed with stipitate-glands, bristles of various lengths, and some slender-based prickles that are relatively 
rigid, collectively numbering 1000–3000 per 10 cm. Very difficult to separate from 
 R. elegantulus ×R. setosus without knowledge of parental species present at the site (though the latter hybrid usually has fewer prickles and bristles). Tentative synonyms: Rubus groutianus Blanch.; R. parlinii Bailey; R. univocus Bailey.

Native to North America?

Yes

Sometimes confused with

Rubus hispidus:
stems extensively trailing, the first-year vegetative stems with leaves usually with 3 somewhat evergreen leaflets that are obtuse to acute at the apex (vs. R. vermontanus, with the stems upright to arching and sometimes trailing near tip, the first-year vegetative stems with leaves that have usually 5 deciduous leaflets that are acute to acuminate at the apex).
Rubus setosus:
stems armed with hairs and bristles only, collectively numbering 600-5000 per 10 cm of stem (vs. R. vermontanus, with stems armed with bristles and small-based prickles, collectively numbering 10-500 per 10 cm of stem).

Synonyms

  • Rubus deaneanus Bailey
  • Rubus junceus Bailey
  • Rubus singulus Bailey
  • Rubus tardatus Blanch.
  • Rubus vermontanus var. viridiflorus Blanch.

Family

Rosaceae

Genus

Rubus