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Amelanchier laevis — smooth serviceberry, smooth shadbush

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Facts

The reddish bark of the young stems and twigs is distinctive in smooth shadbush, a multi-trunked, small tree. The older bark is smooth and gray with vertical white stripes. The sweet, juicy fruits (pomes) are among the most edible of all the serviceberries, and are useful in making jams and pies. They are rich in iron and copper.

Habitat

Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), forest edges, meadows and fields

New England distribution

Adapted from BONAP data

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North America distribution

Adapted from BONAP data

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Characteristics

Habitat
terrestrial
New England state
  • Connecticut
  • Maine
  • Massachusetts
  • New Hampshire
  • Rhode Island
  • Vermont
Growth form
  • the plant is a shrub (i.e., a woody plant with several stems growing from the base)
  • the plant is a tree
Leaf type
the leaf blade is simple (i.e., lobed or unlobed but not separated into leaflets)
Leaves per node
there is one leaf per node along the stem
Leaf blade edges
the edge of the leaf blade has teeth
Leaf duration
the leaves drop off in winter (or they wither but persist on the plant)
armature on plant
the plant does not have spines, prickles, or thorns
Leaf blade length
40–80 mm
Leaf blade width
25–40 mm
Leaf stalk
the leaves have leaf stalks
Fruit type (general)
the fruit is fleshy
Bark texture
the bark of an adult plant is thin and smooth
Twig winter color
  • brown
  • gray
  • red
Bud scale number
there are three or more scales on the winter bud, and they overlap like shingles, with one edge covered and the other edge exposed
Show all characteristics

  • Buds or leaf scars

    Bud scale number
    there are three or more scales on the winter bud, and they overlap like shingles, with one edge covered and the other edge exposed
    Bud scar shape (Fraxinus)
    NA
    Collateral buds
    there are no collateral buds on the sides of the branches
    Leaf scar arrangement
    there is one leaf scar per node on the stem or twig
    Superposed buds
    there are no superposed buds on the branch
    Winter bud scale hairs
    the winter bud scales have no hairs on them
    Winter bud scales
    the winter bud is perulate (partially or completely covered with one or more scales)
    Winter bud shape
    the winter buds are lanceoloid (lance-shaped, widest below the middle and tapering to the ends)
    Winter bud stalks
    the winter buds have no stalks

  • Flowers

    Carpels fused
    the carpels are fused to one another
    Enlarged sterile flowers
    there are no enlarged sterile flowers on the plant
    Flower petal color
    white
    Flower symmetry
    there are two or more ways to evenly divide the flower (the flower is radially symmetrical)
    Hairs on ovary (Amelanchier)
    the top of the ovary has no hairs
    Hypanthium present
    the flower has a hypanthium
    Inflorescence hairs
    • there are hairs on some part of the inflorescence
    • there are no hairs on the inflorescence
    Inflorescence position
    the inflorescences grow on the twigs
    Inflorescence type
    the inflorescence is a raceme (a long unbranched stem with stalked flowers growing along it)
    Number of pistils
    1
    Ovary position
    • the ovary is above the point of petal and/or sepal attachment
    • the ovary is below the point of petal and/or sepal attachment
    Petal and sepal arrangement
    the flower includes two cycles of petal- or sepal-like structures
    Petal appearance
    the petals are thin and delicate, and pigmented (colored other than green or brown)
    Petal fusion
    the perianth parts are separate
    Sepal appearance
    the sepals resemble leaves in color and texture
    Sepal cilia (Ilex)
    NA
    Sepal tip glands
    there are no glands at the tips of the sepal lobes
    Sepals fused only to sepals
    the sepals are separate from one another
    Stamen number
    • 10
    • 11
    • 12
    • 13 or more
    Stamen position relative to petals
    NA
    Stamens fused
    the stamens are not fused to one another

  • Fruits or seeds

    Berry color
    • black
    • purple
    • red
    Fruit tissue origin
    the hypanthium of the flower becomes part of the fruit
    Fruit type (general)
    the fruit is fleshy
    Fruit type (specific)
    the fruit is a berry (fleshy, with the wall enclosing one or more sections, with two or more seeds)
    Nut with spines (Fagaceae)
    NA
    Wings on fruit
    there are no wings on the fruit

  • Glands or sap

    Sap color
    the sap is clear and watery
    Stalked glands on fruit (Rosa)
    NA

  • Growth form

    Growth form
    • the plant is a shrub (i.e., a woody plant with several stems growing from the base)
    • the plant is a tree

  • Leaves

    Hairs on underside of leaf blade
    the underside of the leaf has no hairs
    Hairs on upper side of leaf blade
    the upper side of the leaf is not hairy, or has very few hairs
    Leaf blade base shape
    • The base of the leaf blade is cordate (heart-shaped, with rounded lobes)
    • the base of the leaf blade is rounded
    Leaf blade base symmetry
    the leaf blade base is symmetrical
    Leaf blade bloom
    there is a noticeable powdery or waxy bloom on the underside of the leaf
    Leaf blade edges
    the edge of the leaf blade has teeth
    Leaf blade edges (Acer)
    NA
    Leaf blade flatness
    the leaf is flat (planar) at the edges
    Leaf blade hairs
    NA
    Leaf blade length
    40–80 mm
    Leaf blade scales
    there are no scales on the leaf blades
    Leaf blade shape
    • the leaf blade is elliptic (widest near the middle and tapering at both ends)
    • the leaf blade is oblong (rectangular but with rounded ends)
    • the leaf blade is obovate (egg-shaped, but with the widest point above the middle of the leaf blade)
    • the leaf blade is ovate (widest below the middle and broadly tapering at both ends)
    Leaf blade texture
    the leaf blade is herbaceous (has a leafy texture)
    Leaf blade translucent dots
    there are no translucent dots on the leaf blade
    Leaf blade vein pattern
    the main veins of the leaf blade are pinnate (the secondary veins branch off at intervals from the main central vein) and non-arcuate (not arched towards the leaf tip)
    Leaf blade veins
    the leaf blade has one main vein running from the base toward the tip
    Leaf blade width
    25–40 mm
    Leaf duration
    the leaves drop off in winter (or they wither but persist on the plant)
    Leaf form
    the plant is broad-leaved (with broadly flattened leaf blades)
    Leaf lobe tips (Quercus)
    NA
    Leaf midrib glands
    the midrib of the leaf blade lacks glands on the upper surface
    Leaf stalk
    the leaves have leaf stalks
    Leaf stalk attachment to leaf
    the petiole attaches at the basal margin of the leaf blade
    Leaf stalk nectaries
    there are no nectaries on the leaf stalk
    Leaf stalk shape
    the leaf stalk is not flattened
    Leaf teeth
    the leaf blade margin is serrate (with forward-pointing) or dentate (with outward-pointing) with medium-sized to coarse teeth
    Leaf teeth hairs (Carya)
    NA
    Leaf type
    the leaf blade is simple (i.e., lobed or unlobed but not separated into leaflets)
    Leaves per node
    there is one leaf per node along the stem
    Specific leaf type
    the leaves are simple (i.e., lobed or unlobed but not separated into leaflets
    Stipules
    the plant has stipules

  • Place

    Habitat
    terrestrial
    New England state
    • Connecticut
    • Maine
    • Massachusetts
    • New Hampshire
    • Rhode Island
    • Vermont
    Specific habitat
    • edges of forests
    • man-made or disturbed habitats
    • meadows or fields

  • Scent

    Plant odor
    the plant does not have much of an odor, or it has an unpleasant or repellant odor

  • Stem, shoot, branch

    Aerial roots
    the plant has no aerial roots
    Bark texture
    the bark of an adult plant is thin and smooth
    Branch brittleness (willows only)
    NA
    Branch cross-section
    the branch is circular in cross-section, or it has five or more sides, so that there are no sharp angles
    First-year cane (Rubus)
    NA
    Lenticels on twigs
    there are clearly lenticels on the twigs
    Pith shape
    the outline of the pith in a twig is roughly round
    Short shoots
    there are no peg- or knob-like shoots present
    Twig bloom
    there is no bloom on the twig
    Twig hairs
    • the twigs have few or no hairs on them
    • the twigs have hairs, but the hairs do not have glands
    Twig papillae (Vaccinium species only)
    NA
    Twig scales
    there are no scales on the twig surface
    Twig winter color
    • brown
    • gray
    • red
    Wings on branch
    the branch does not have wings on it
    armature on plant
    the plant does not have spines, prickles, or thorns

Wetland status

Not classified

In New England

Distribution

Connecticut
present
Maine
present
Massachusetts
present
New Hampshire
present
Rhode Island
present
Vermont
present

Conservation status

Exact status definitions can vary from state to state. For details, please check with your state.

Massachusetts
widespread (S-rank: S5)

From Flora Novae Angliae dichotomous key

7.  Amelanchier laevis Wieg. N

smooth shadbush. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. var. botryapium Gray; A. arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. var. laevis (Wieg.) Ahles • CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT. Fields, forest borders and openings, roadsides, open rights-of-way. Among our most common and recognizable species.

1×7. Amelanchier arborea × Amelanchier laevis → This rare shadbush hybrid is known from MA, VT. It closely resembles Amelanchier arborea but is slightly earlier flowering (i.e., will have dropped most of its petals when other A. arborea in the local area are flowering) and shows relatively more-expanded leaves during anthesis (i.e., 50% or more developed and not tightly folded during anthesis). From A. laevis it is separated by the moderate pubescence on the flowering 
leaf blades and raceme.

2×7. Amelanchier bartramiana × Amelanchier laevis → Amelanchier ×‌neglecta Egglest. ex G.N. Jones is a relatively common shadbush hybrid in the northern, cooler locations of New England where A. bartramiana is frequent. It is known from MA, ME, NH, VT. It shows short racemes (the axis 2–4 cm long) bearing mostly 4–7 flowers, pedicels 15–25 mm long, petals 8–10 mm long, and ovaries with a pubescent summit. The leaf blades are intermediate between the parental taxa and show sparse pubescence at anthesis. This nothospecies usually flowers prior to either of its parental species at a given site.

5×7. Amelanchier humilis × Amelanchier laevis → This very rare shadbush hybrid is known from VT. It has most leaves with oblong to narrow-obovate blades that are green and have some patches of tomentum on the abaxial surface during anthesis (rather than nearly glabrous and strongly tinged with red-purple in Amelanchier laevis). The lowest pedicels are 16–25 mm long (vs. 3–20 mm long in A. humilis and 15–28(–41) mm long in A. laevis). The racemes are mostly 23–45 mm long (11–44 mm long in A. humilis and (25–)43–65(–85) mm long in A. laevis). The petals are mostly shorter than 12 mm long (too short for A. laevis) and the ovary summit is pubescent (glabrous in A. laevis). Additionally, from A. humilis, it differs in its smaller leaf teeth, sparsely pubescent inflorescence, and more open inflorescences.

7×9. Amelanchier laevis × Amelanchier sanguinea → Amelanchier ×‌wiegandii Nielson is a relatively rare shadbush hybrid in 
New England known from me. Its leaf blades show the coarsely serrate margin of 
 A. sanguinea with mostly 4 or 5 teeth per cm; however, the lateral veins fork 1 
or more times near the margin, and the leaf apex is apiculate to short-acuminate 
(rather than rounded to obtusely pointed as in A. sanguinea). This putative hybrid is further characterized by sparsely pubescent, bronze- or purple-tinged leaf blades 
at anthesis with mostly 9–12 pairs of primary lateral veins at maturity and lower pedicels 15–40 mm long at anthesis.

Native to North America?

Yes

Sometimes confused with

Amelanchier arborea:
leaf blades small and folded during flowering, evidently hairy, green (except where concealed by hairs) (vs. A. laevis, with leaf blades partially expanded and somewhat unfolded during flowering, sparsely hairy, strongly tinged with red-purple to purple).
Amelanchier intermedia:
leaf blades weakly to moderately tinged with red-purple during flowering and petals 7-12 mm long (vs. A. laevis, with leaf blades strongly tinged with red-purple during flowering, and petals 12-22 mm long).

Synonyms

  • Amelanchier arborea var. laevis (Wieg.) Ahles
  • Amelanchier canadensis var. botryapium Gray

Family

Rosaceae

Genus

Amelanchier