Fraxinus

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  1a. Leaflets borne on short petiolules 3–15 mm long, 5–9 per leaf; flowers with a calyx, which is persistent on the fruit and recognizable as a lobed cupule at the base of the samara; wing of samara decurrent on ca. ½ of the body or less; terminal winter bud adjacent to the distal-most pair of lateral buds [Figs. 733,734]
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    F. americana

    2a. Branchlets brown to blue-brown, glabrous; leaflets papillose on the abaxial surface, glabrous; terminal winter bud rounded [Fig. 733]; leaf scar prominently concave on distal margin [Fig. 733]; wing of samara extending ca. ⅓ of the distance to the base of the body; leaf scars with a concave upper margin; petiolules not winged
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    F. pennsylvanica

    2b. Branchlets gray-brown, pubescent; leaflets not papillose on the abaxial surface, pubescent (sometimes only sparsely so); terminal winter bud acute [Fig. 734]; leaf scar straight or slightly concave on distal margin [Fig. 734]; wing of samara extending ca. ½ of the distance to the base of the body; leaf scars with a straight or slightly concave upper margin; petiolules commonly winged
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  1b. Leaflets sessile, 7–13 (–15) per leaf; flowers without a calyx; wing of samara decurrent nearly to the base of the body; terminal winter bud separated from the distal-most pair of lateral buds
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    F. nigra

    3a. Leaf rachis with thick patches of tomentum at the nodes where the leaflets attach; leaflets 7–14 (–16) × (2.5–) 3–6.5 cm
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    F. excelsior

    3b. Leaf rachis glabrous to puberulent, but without patches of tomentum; leaflets (3–) 5–11 ×1–3 (–4) cm

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