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Eleocharis palustris — common spikesedge

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Facts

Common spikesedge is found on shores or in shallow water of lakes, rivers and swamps. There are two subspecies in New England, distinguished mainly on the length of the achenes.

Habitat

Bogs, fens, lacustrine (in lakes or ponds), riverine (in rivers or streams), shores of rivers or lakes, wetland margins (edges of wetlands)

New England distribution

Adapted from BONAP data

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North America distribution

Adapted from BONAP data

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Characteristics

Habitat
  • aquatic
  • wetlands
New England state
  • Connecticut
  • Maine
  • Massachusetts
  • New Hampshire
  • Rhode Island
  • Vermont
Stem shape in cross-section
the stem is round or oval in cross-section
Leaf blade width
0 mm
Leaf blade cross-section
NA
Inflorescence position
the inflorescence is at the tip of the plant
Inflorescence branching
the inflorescence is on one or more stems with no branches
Fruit type (general)
the fruit is like a seed, and surrounded by scales
Fruit length
1.1–2 mm
Leaf position on plant
the attachment points of all the leaves are at or near the base of the plant
Perianth composition
there are bristles attached at the base of the achene
Fruit cross-section
the fruit is biconvex or elliptic (widest in the middle and tapering to both ends) in cross-section
Show all characteristics

  • Flowers

    Anther color (dry)
    the anthers range in color from white to tan or yellow to yellow-brown
    Anther length
    1.5–2.2 mm
    Floral bristle color
    the bristles are pale brown to brown
    Floral bristle number
    • 1-4
    • 5-7
    Floral bristle relative length
    • the bristles are between one tenth as long as the achene, and equal in length to the achene
    • the bristles are longer than the achene
    Floral bristles
    the bristles are strongly bent or curled
    Floral scale hairs
    there are no hairs on the floral scales
    Floral scale length
    3–5 mm
    Floral scale nerves
    1
    Floral scale shape
    • the floral scales are lanceolate (widest below the middle, and tapering at both ends)
    • the floral scales are ovate (roughly egg-shaped)
    Floral scale translucent
    the floral scales are opaque
    Flower number per cluster
    more than 20
    Inflorescence bract angle
    NA
    Inflorescence bract number
    NA
    Inflorescence bract position (Sparganium)
    NA
    Inflorescence bracts
    NA
    Inflorescence branching
    the inflorescence is on one or more stems with no branches
    Inflorescence crowding
    • NA
    • the inflorescence is crowded together in one tight cluster
    Inflorescence position
    the inflorescence is at the tip of the plant
    Inflorescence shape
    the aggregations within the inflorescence are roughly circular (not flattened) in cross-section
    Inflorescence type
    there is one spike or raceme at the tip of the stem
    Perianth composition
    there are bristles attached at the base of the achene
    Stamen number
    3
    Stigma number
    2
    Style division
    the top two thirds of the style is divided
    floral bristle barbs
    the bristles have tiny barbs on them
    plantlets budding at flower bases
    • no
    • yes

  • Fruits or seeds

    Achene beak length
    0 mm
    Achene surface texture
    the achene has tiny wrinkles that run cross-wise across the achene
    Achene tubercle relative width
    the tubercle is one half or less as wide as the achene
    Achene tubercle width
    0.35–0.7 mm
    Capsule relative length
    NA
    Fruit cross-section
    the fruit is biconvex or elliptic (widest in the middle and tapering to both ends) in cross-section
    Fruit length
    1.1–2 mm
    Fruit type (general)
    the fruit is like a seed, and surrounded by scales
    Fruit type (specific)
    the fruit is an achene (dry, seed-like fruit) with a tubercle (a swelling or projection, usually of a different color or texture) on it
    Locules in capsule
    NA
    Seed length
    0 mm
    Seed tail relative length
    0 mm
    Seed tails
    NA
    Tubercle height
    0.3–0.7 mm

  • Growth form

    Lifespan
    the plant lives more than two years
    Rhizome thickness
    1.5–4.5 mm
    Underground organs
    the plant has a rhizome (a horizontal underground stem with roots growing from it)

  • Leaves

    Auricle length
    0 mm
    Auricle texture
    NA
    Auricles
    there are no auricles on the leaf sheath
    Leaf blade cross-section
    NA
    Leaf blade length
    0 mm
    Leaf blade width
    0 mm
    Leaf form
    all the leaves hold their form out of water
    Leaf position on plant
    the attachment points of all the leaves are at or near the base of the plant
    Leaf septa
    NA
    Leaf sheath hairs
    the leaf sheathes are without hairs
    Pedicel length (Typha)
    0 mm
    Stem leaf blade ligules
    NA
    Stem leaf blades
    there are no leaves on the main stem, or there is a small tooth or tiny blade, or a leaf sheath with no blade
    Width of seed-producing inflorescence
    3–7 mm

  • Place

    Habitat
    • aquatic
    • wetlands
    New England state
    • Connecticut
    • Maine
    • Massachusetts
    • New Hampshire
    • Rhode Island
    • Vermont
    Specific habitat
    • bogs
    • edges of wetlands
    • fens
    • in lakes or ponds
    • in rivers or streams
    • shores of rivers or lakes

  • Stem, shoot, branch

    Plant height
    30–115 cm
    Stem shape in cross-section
    the stem is round or oval in cross-section
    Stem texture near tip
    the stem feels smooth near the tip
    Stem thickness at midpoint
    0.5–5 mm

Wetland status

Occurs only in wetlands. (Wetland indicator code: OBL)

In New England

Distribution

Connecticut
present
Maine
present
Massachusetts
present
New Hampshire
present
Rhode Island
present
Vermont
present

Conservation status

Exact status definitions can vary from state to state. For details, please check with your state.

Massachusetts
widespread (S-rank: S5)

Subspecies and varieties

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultess sp. palustris is known from CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT. E. palustris ssp. vigens (L.H. Bailey) A. Haines is known from CT, MA, ME, NH, VT.

From Flora Novae Angliae dichotomous key

18.  Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes N

common spikesedge.  18a. Eleocharis smallii Britt.; Scirpus palustris L.;  18b. Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes var. major Sonder; E. palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes var. vigens L.H. Bailey • CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT. Wet soil or shallow water of lakes, rivers, peatlands, and wetland margins. Various names have been provided for the morphological variation displayed by Eleocharis palustris. Some of the variation is continuous and difficult 
to interpret. However, present evidence does support recognition of two taxa—a variable diploid (ssp. palustris) and a probable tetraploid (ssp. vigens).

1a.  Achene body 1.1–1.5 (–1.6) mm tall; floral scales 3–4 mm long; anthers 1–2 mm long; stem stomates mostly 39–48 µ m long … 18a. E. palustris ssp. palustris

1b.  Achene body 1.6–2 mm tall; floral scales 3.5–4.5 mm long; anthers 1.7–3 mm long; stem stomates 52–65 µ m long … 18b. E. palustris ssp. vigens (L.H. Bailey) A. Haines

Subspecies palustris is known from CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT. Subspecies vigens is known from CT, MA, ME, NH, VT.

Native to North America?

Yes

Sometimes confused with

Eleocharis erythropoda:
spike with 1 firm, empty scale that is nearly orbicular at the base (vs. E. palustris, with a spike with 2 firm, empty scales that are lanceolate to triangular at the base).

Synonyms

  • Eleocharis palustris var. major Sonder
  • Eleocharis palustris var. vigens L.H. Bailey
  • Eleocharis smallii Britt.
  • Scirpus palustris L.

Family

Cyperaceae

Genus

Eleocharis